The two new Rebor GrabNGo T. rex dinosaur models (Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D and Rebor GNG04 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type C) are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. These eagerly anticipated Tyrannosaurus rex models arrived at the Everything Dinosaur warehouse yesterday and they will be replacing the original GNG Rebor rexes that were introduced in 2020.
Rebor GrabNGo Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur models are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. Rebor GNG04 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type C (left) and the Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D (right).
1:35 Scale Tyrannosaurus rex Dinosaur Models
The models are the same sculpt but they have very different colour schemes. GNG04 is a dark green figure with subtle black banding, whilst GNG05 can be described as mainly brown-coloured but with prominent white markings on the head and neck. Each figure measures 40 cm in length and is supplied with a transparent support stand to permit Rebor to keep the well-crafted hind feet in proportion with the rest of the model.
The Rebor GNG04 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type C is supplied with a transparent support stand.
The Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D. The model’s striking colouration reminded team members of the tyrannosaurs depicted in the American documentary series “Dinosaur Revolution” produced by Creative Differences and originally aired on the Discovery Channel around a decade ago.
The Rebor GNGO5 1:35 Scale SA T. rex Type D
The colouration of the Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D, reminds team members at Everything Dinosaur of the Tyrannosaurus rexes that featured in the American documentary series “Dinosaur Revolution” that aired around ten years ago. In the four-part documentary series, the final episode featured the dinosaur dominated biota of the Hell Creek Formation of North America. Several T. rex dinosaurs were featured in this programme. If we recall correctly there were two male T. rexes, one was called “Jack Palance” and another called “Stumpy”. “Stumpy” had a deformed forearm as a result of a fight with the bigger “Jack Palance”, fortunately the Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D has no such disability.
The new Rebor GrabNGo T. rex dinosaur models are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. Rebor GNG04 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type C (left) and the Rebor GNG05 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type D (right).
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur praised Rebor for introducing another two, inexpensive dinosaur models into their portfolio and they confirmed that the original GNG T. rexes (Rebor GNG02 1:35 SA T. rex Type A and the Rebor GNG03 1:35 scale SA T. rex Type B) our now out of production and retired.
In a joint collaboration with PNSO, Everything Dinosaur is pleased to announce that a Tarbosaurus dinosaur model is being introduced into PNSO’s mid-size prehistoric animal model range. Say hello to Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus, the very latest addition to the ever-growing PNSO prehistoric animal portfolio.
This new dinosaur figure is likely to be available from Everything Dinosaur in the late summer of 2021.
A close-up view of the head of the new for 2021 PNSO Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus dinosaur model.
PNSO Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus
Dinosaur fans and model collectors will be aware that PNSO have ramped up production considerably and numerous new figures have been announced since the end of 2020. Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus is the second member of the Tyrannosauroidea to be announced this year after Yinqi the Yutyrannus (April 2021). Eagle-eyed collectors will note that the Tarbosaurus figure is number 51 in this series, whilst Yinqi, which was announced earlier is number 52.
The product packaging for the new PNSO Tarbosaurus dinosaur replica. Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus is number 51 in the PNSO mid-size model range.
Named and described in 1955, Tarbosaurus (T. bataar) is one of the largest tyrannosaurids known. It is believed to have been slightly smaller than Tyrannosaurus rex, but closely related to the “tyrant lizard king”. Tarbosaurus measured around 12 metres in length and most body weight estimates suggest a figure of between 4,000 and 5,000 kilograms.
PNSO Prehistoric Dinosaur Models: 51 Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus. This new for 2021 PNSO figure depicts Tarbosaurus as a heavy-set, robust theropod.
Model Measurements
Chuanzi the PNSO Tarbosaurus measures 31 cm in length and it has a head height of 11 cm. The recently introduced new Wilson the T. rex figure is slightly longer (34.5 cm long), so these two models can be displayed together to provide the viewer with a comparison between these closely related Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurs.
The PNSO Chuanzi (Tarbosaurus dinosaur model) measures 31 cm in length and that powerful looking neck supports a head that stands 11 cm high.
Available from Everything Dinosaur in the Summer (2021)
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur confirmed that they intended to stock this figure and that it should be available from them later this summer. They also stated that there were more prehistoric animal figures to be announced.
As with other theropod dinosaur models in the PNSO model range, this new Tarbosaurus will have an articulated lower jaw and it will be supplied with a transparent stand to help support the model.
The PNSO Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus dinosaur model has an articulated lower jaw.
PNSO have chosen to depict Tarbosaurus as a powerful and heavy-set animal. The figure will be supplied with a transparent support stand.
The new PNSO Tarbosaurus (Chuanzi the Tarbosaurus) model is supplied with a transparent support stand.
To view the current range of PNSO prehistoric animal models in stock at Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs.
Everything Dinosaur moved into new and larger premises in April (2021), our contact details for our customers remain the same but the business has relocated so that we can have all our dinosaur and prehistoric animal models in one place. Having moved, it was an opportunity to build up our profile on Google Maps. Reviews and feedback from our customers mean a great deal to us and this week we saw our 100th Google Review posted up on-line. All these reviews are 5-star ratings, every one of them genuine feedback from customers.
Since Everything Dinosaur moved into new, bigger premises in April we have set about building up our presence on Google. In the last 8 weeks or so we have been able to gain 100 Google reviews all of them 5-star reviews.
Feedback and Customer Reviews
Feedback and customer reviews are very important to a little, dinosaur-themed company such as ourselves. After all, in these uncertain and challenging times nobody wants to become extinct. Ever since Everything Dinosaur was formed, we have always welcomed feedback from our customers. Our website has over 1,670 customer reviews and comments on it, many thousands more are archived on our previous website manifestations. We continue to work with the independent ratings company Feefo and we have received thousands of Feefo feedback reports too. Our website currently displays around 600 customer reviews and we have received Feefo’s highest award for customer service (Platinum) every year since this accolade was introduced.
Everything Dinosaur has been awarded the Platinum Trusted Service accolade from Feefo.The company has been awarded this top honour by the independent ratings company Feefo, ever since the Platinum Trusted Service award was first created.
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:
“We are immensely proud of our Google achievement. To be able to pick up 100 customer reviewers in such a short time for a business our size is quite remarkable. In addition, every single one of these 100 customers gave us 5-stars, that’s top marks and we are truly humbled and honoured.”
Thank You
Everything Dinosaur would like to thank all those customers who have taken time out of their busy lives to leave feedback and to provide a review. These comments and testimonials mean a great deal to the company and every single review, blog post feedback and social media post is read and reviewed by team members.
On behalf of everyone at Everything Dinosaur – thank you.
The third and final part of a series of guides to fossil hunting on the Dorset coast has been published by Siri Scientific Press. A guide to “Fossil Collecting on the East Dorset Coast” by Steve Snowball and Craig Chivers, provides an up to date and very informative guide to fossil collecting from the beautiful coast near Durdle Door eastwards ending at the Eocene-aged deposits to be found at Hengistbury Head.
The front cover “A Guide to Fossil Collecting on the East Dorset Coast” by Steve Snowball and Craig Chivers published by Siri Scientific Press.
A Highly Acclaimed Guidebook
“Fossil Collecting on the East Dorset Coast” is aimed at amateur as well as the more serious fossil hunter and it is required reading if you want to visit some of the more remote parts of the Dorset coast. Access to some of the locations can be tricky and the authors have ensured that plenty of useful information has been included such as advice about tide times, avoiding the dangers of rock falls (which can be frequent along this stretch of the coastline), along with details about accessing quarries and which ones require visitor permission.
This highly acclaimed guidebook is beautifully illustrated with lots of colour photographs not only showing fossil finds but also highlighting the stunning landscape and geology of this part of the southern coast of England.
The book is packed with beautiful photographs showing typical fossil finds at each location as well as stunning shots of the Dorset coast. Often typical fossil finds are shown against a backdrop of the magnificent scenery of this part of England’s southern coast.
Stunning Images of Fossils
The authors provide an introduction to the UNESCO World Heritage site known as the “Jurassic Coast” before outlining the Dorset fossil collecting code of conduct and focusing on the unique geology of east Dorset. The book is then sub-divided into different sections taking the reader on fossil hunting excursions starting at the majestic Bat’s Head and St. Oswald’s Bay in an easterly direction to Worbarrow Bay and Gad Cliff through to Peveril Point and Swanage. The final excursion visits the Studland Bay and the Hengistbury Head area. Each part of the book contains stunning images of the fossils associated with each location.
A block containing the fossilised remains of a prehistoric fish found on the east Dorset coast. Fossil found by Nicola Parslow. A “Guide to Fossil Collecting on the East Dorset Coast” contains full colour images highlighting fossils that can be found at the various locations.
Highlights include information and photographs showcasing the remarkable Etches Collection Museum of Jurassic Marine Life at Kimmeridge and the contribution made by Steve Etches, extensive information on the types of ammonites to be found and details on the different types of vertebrate fossils including trace fossils such as dinosaur footprints along with body fossils such as the bones from ancient crocodiles.
A crocodile vertebra found on the east Dorset coast (Durlston Bay) found by Julian and Vicky Sawyer.
Highly Recommended
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:
“This book has over 200 colour photographs and illustrations including wonderful prehistoric scenes created by the very talented Andreas Kurpisz, it is an extremely informative and invaluable guide to fossil hunting on this part of the beautiful Dorset coast. The detailed descriptions of the fossil locations provided by the authors are a testament to their in-depth knowledge and passion for their hobby. It completes the trilogy of books dedicated to fossil hunting on the Dorset Coast and it is essential reading for amateur fossil collectors, students as well as seasoned professionals. Highly recommended.”
Three excellent guides have been published about fossil hunting on the Dorset coast by Steve Snowball and Craig Chivers. All three publications are available from Siri Scientific Press whilst stocks last.
To purchase the “Guide to Fossil Collecting on the East Dorset Coast” visit the website of the publisher Siri Scientific Press: Siri Scientific Press.
The UK-based Everything Dinosaur, a dedicated team that specialises in the supply of museum quality dinosaur and prehistoric animal models has moved into new, bigger premises. The new premises were acquired at the beginning of the year, but COVID-19 restrictions delayed the building of the offices and the bespoke packing rooms as well as the laying out of the racking system and storage facilities for all the various dinosaurs that the company stocks.
The new Everything Dinosaur offices and warehousing. In 2021, Everything Dinosaur moved into bigger premises.
Award-winning Dinosaur Company
The award-winning dinosaur company, famed for its customer service, aims to increase the number of different ranges of models that it offers. It already supplies one of the widest ranges of museum quality, prehistoric animal figures and although the warehouse is already very busy, the company does intend to add even more models to its portfolio in the near future.
The signage over the new premises for Everything Dinosaur (warehousing and offices).
Customer Contact Details
A spokesperson for Everything Dinosaur commented that they were determined to retain the customer contact details so that nobody would be inconvenienced by the move. The contact emails and telephone numbers for the company are the same as previously.
The spokesperson also confirmed that they were actively engaged in negotiations with a number of suppliers with a view to exporting more prehistoric animal models and figures from China and elsewhere in the world.
To visit Everything Dinosaur’s award-winning website and on-line store: Everything Dinosaur.
“Cooper” the giant Australian dinosaur, whose bones were found back in 2007 has been officially named. The largest animal ever to walk on the “land down under” has been named Australotitan (Australotitan cooperensis), this Cretaceous giant is estimated to have been around 30 metres in length, so Australotitan rivalled some of the giant South American titanosaurs, (to which it was distantly related), in size.
A life reconstruction of the newly named Australotitan cooperensis, the largest known animal to have ever lived in Australia. Picture credit: Queensland Museum.
“Southern Titan”
Writing in the academic journal “PeerJ”, the researchers who include corresponding author Scott Hocknull of the Queensland Museum and Robyn and Scott Mackenzie from the Eromanga Natural History Museum (Queensland), used limb bone comparisons to estimate the size of Australotitan. A sophisticated computer programme provided detailed 3-D surface scans of the fossil bones to permit autapomorphies to be identified that led to the erection of this new taxon. The huge dinosaur, with a shoulder height of around 6 metres was named “Southern Titan”, the trivial (species name), honours the site of the fossil discovery – the Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Cooper Creek system and the common vernacular for this part of south-western Queensland “Cooper Country”.
Back in 2015, Everything Dinosaur reported on the on-going research being conducted on this titanosaur when final preparations were being made for the opening of the Eromanga Natural History Museum which was being built to house this specimen along with other dinosaur and marine reptile remains that had been found in Queensland.
Several of the bones although almost complete show distortion. The bones of this particular titanosaur seem to have been trampled and partly crushed by the movements of another titanosaur that “walked over the grave” of Australotitan. The use of the 3-D bone scans permitted the researchers to correctly reconstruct bone morphology and a subsequent phylogenetic assessment revealed that A. cooperensis was related to three other, roughly contemporaneous sauropod taxa known from Queensland – Wintonotitan, Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus.
The right femur (specimen number EMF102) seems to have been trampled and crushed as another sauropod walked over it. Sophisticated 3-D scans were used to reconstruct the original shape of the bones and permit taxonomic study. Note scale bars = 20 cm. Picture credit: Hocknull et al
The scientific paper: “A new giant sauropod, Australotitan cooperensis gen. et sp. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia” by Scott A. Hocknull, Melville Wilkinson, Rochelle A. Lawrence, Vladislav Konstantinov, Stuart Mackenzie and Robyn Mackenzie published in PeerJ.
Earlier this spring, a team of researchers led by Pavel Skutschas (St Petersburg University, Russia), published a paper reporting on the study of 63 stegosaur teeth that had been found in Lower Cretaceous deposits in south-western Yakutia, located in eastern Siberia. Just like today, during the Early Cretaceous this part of Siberia was at a high latitude (palaeolatitude estimate of N 62°- 66.5°) and within the Arctic circle. The scientists conclude that these stegosaurs may have had some special adaptations to help them survive their harsh environment, such as a rapid tooth replacement rate to permit them to cope with a diet mainly consisting of conifer needles and branches.
Maxillary teeth with two (A-D), and with three wear facets (E-H) of Stegosauria indet. from the Teete locality, Yakutia, Russia; Batylykh Formation (Lower Cretaceous). Specimens ZIN PH 80/246 (A-D), ZIN PH 57/246 (E-H) in labial (A, E), lingual (B, F), occlusal (C, G) views, and interpretive drawings (D, H) in occlusal views showing the wear facets with scratches. Picture credit: Skutschas et al.
Stegosaurs Probably Present All Year
There has been much debate amongst palaeontologists as to whether large herbivorous dinosaurs such as stegosaurs were permanent residents of high latitude palaeoenvironments, or whether they migrated up to these latitudes in the summer to take advantage of the long periods of daylight. In the height of summer, there would have been around twenty-two hours of daylight at this latitude presumably providing very favourable conditions for plant growth.
The researchers, writing in the on-line, academic journal PLOS One report the discovery of smaller stegosaur teeth in the excavations, which took place in 2012 and then in the summer months from 2017-2019. As it is thought that the teeth represent a single species of stegosaur, this indicates that both adults and juveniles were present at this site.
Lead author Pavel Skutschas an Associate Professor in the Department of Vertebrate Zoology at St Petersburg University commented:
“We have found teeth of animals of different ages. This suggests that the polar stegosaurs are most likely to have been sedentary that they reproduced and raised offspring on the same territory all year round”.
Small, relatively unworn tooth of an indeterminate stegosaur from the Teete locality in (A) occlusal, (B) labial and (C) lingual views. This suggests that both adult and juvenile stegosaurs were present. Picture credit: Skutschas et al.
A Diverse Prehistoric Fauna
The researchers from St Petersburg University worked together with colleagues from the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Bonn (Germany) and the Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences to examine, excavate and sieve material from the Batylykh Formation, Sangar Series (Lower Cretaceous, Berriasian–Barremian faunal stage) along the banks of the Teete River in Suntar Ulus, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia. This location has yielded dinosaur fossils (including theropods as well as ornithischian dinosaurs), turtles, salamanders and early mammals.
Researchers working at the excavation site. Picture credit: University of St Petersburg.
Stegosaurian remains are the most abundant and consist of numerous isolated teeth, vertebrae, ribs, pelvic elements and occasional cranial material. The stegosaur teeth were all retrieved by screen washing and sieving samples. Most exhibit a high degree of wear and indicate that these animals fed on very abrasive plant material. In addition, study of the tiny scratches on the teeth suggest tooth on tooth contact and precise dental occlusion in the Teete stegosaurs. The microwear examined suggests that these animals had a more complex jaw movement to help them process food in their mouths, the tooth wear observed could not have occurred if these dinosaurs were only capable of moving their jaws up and down in a simple scissor-like action.
Maxillary teeth with a single apical facet of Stegosauria indet. from the Teete locality, Yakutia, Russia; Batylykh Formation (Lower Cretaceous). Specimens ZIN PH 7/246 (A–D), ZIN PH 11/246 (E–H), ZIN PH 20/246 (I–L), ZIN PH 6/246 (M–P) in labial (A, E, I, M), lingual (B, F, J, N), occlusal (C, G, K, P) views, and interpretive drawings in occlusal (D, H, L) and lingual (O) views showing the wear facets with scratches. Picture credit: Skutschas et al.
Rapid Tooth Replacement
Under the microscope, the researchers made another surprising discovery. The Teete stegosaurs are characterised by their relatively short tooth formation time. The teeth were rapidly replaced and the replacement teeth were formed in a relatively short time (95 days). This might have been an adaptation to the particularly abrasive diet of these herbivores which probably fed on conifers. Furthermore, the scientists identified the presence of a “wavy enamel pattern” on the teeth. This type of enamel has also been found on the teeth of Psittacosaurus, a basal member of the horned dinosaurs (Ceratopsia) and within the Ornithopoda. The researchers conclude that this feature of teeth is a shared trait amongst bird-hipped dinosaurs. Whether it was present in the ancestor of the ornithischian dinosaurs or whether this histological feature is an example of convergent evolution in different types of plant-eating dinosaur is not known.
The scientific paper: “Wear patterns and dental functioning in an Early Cretaceous stegosaur from Yakutia, Eastern Russia” by Pavel P. Skutschas, Vera A. Gvozdkova, Alexander O. Averianov, Alexey V. Lopatin, Thomas Martin, Rico Schellhorn, Petr N. Kolosov, Valentina D. Markova, Veniamin V. Kolchanov, Dmitry V. Grigoriev, Ivan T. Kuzmin and Dmitry D. Vitenko published in PLOS One.
As Everything Dinosaur team members prepare for the arrival of the new for 2021 PNSO Helicoprion model a scale drawing of this strange fish from the Permian has been commissioned. Haylee the Helicoprion model is due to be in stock at Everything Dinosaur later in the summer (2021).
As Everything Dinosaur prepares for the arrival of Haylee the Helicoprion model from PNSO a scale drawing of this Permian fish has been commissioned.
Helicoprion bessonowi
Three species in the Helicoprion genus are currently assigned, each one being distinguished from the others by variations identified in the distinctive tooth whorl. The size of this predator remains uncertain, although based on the morphology of other smaller related fish, Helicoprion has been estimated to have been around 5 to 8 metres in length. In the Everything Dinosaur scale drawing that we have prepared, our image indicates that this strange fish grew to lengths of around 7.5 to 8 metres.
PNSO Haylee the Helicoprion replica. The stunning emerald eye on the model is reminiscent of the eye of a Chimaera such as the deep water Rabbit Fish (Chimaera monstrosa) to which Helicoprion is distantly related.
Haylee the Helicoprion
As with the other mid-size PNSO replicas, this stunning model has been given a nickname. The figure is called Haylee the Helicoprion, Everything Dinosaur team members are not sure why Haylee was chosen; however, it is certainly a welcome addition to the PNSO product portfolio and we are looking forward to stocking it later on this year (2021).
The model measures 21 cm in length and from the base of the tail fluke to the top of the dorsal fin of the Helicoprion is 7.5cm
Model Measurements
The model measures around 21 cm in length and although PNSO do not declare a scale for this range of prehistoric animal figures, team members estimate that if Helicoprion was around 8 metres in length then this model would be in approximately 1:38 scale or thereabouts.
Fossilised teeth whorl from a cartilaginous fish. The famous tooth whorl associated with the Permian fish genus Helicoprion.
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented that they were looking forward to bringing this model into stock and they were also excited about making more new product announcements about PNSO models in the very near future.
To view the range of PNSO prehistoric animal models and figures in stock at Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs.
Scientists writing in the academic journal “PeerJ” have reported the discovery of an extensive pterosaur trackway from the Lower Cretaceous Shengjinkou Formation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in north-western China. The trackway consists of 114 small pterosaur tracks (57 handprints and 57 footprints). Analysis of these trace fossils has led to the erection of a new pterosaur ichnospecies – Pteraichnus wuerhoensis, although the researchers speculate that these tracks could have been made by the dsungaripterid pterosaur Noripterus complicidens.
A photograph of the tracksite with an interpretative line drawing. The tracks have been assigned to the new pterosaur ichnospecies Pteraichnus wuerhoensis. Picture credit Wei Gao.
A Complicated Trackway to Interpret
As 57 handprints (manus) and 57 footprints (pes) have been preserved on the same slab of finely-grained sandstone, the researchers confidently assert that the trackmaker was quadrupedal, but they can’t say for certain whether these prints were all produced at the same time. It is presumed that they would have been made over a short period of time on a muddy shoreline close to a large lake, as they would have needed to be covered by sediment quite quickly to permit their preservation. The lack of ripple marks or invertebrate trace fossils in the slab suggest that this surface was rapidly buried after only being exposed for a short period.
The handprints range in size from 1.9 cm long to 5.15 cm, whilst the feet impressions range in size from 2.68 cm to 5.71 cm. This suggests that the tracks were made by pterosaurs of different ages. This indicates that both adult and juvenile forms may have congregated at this location.
Gregarious Pterosaurs
The density of the Wuerho small pterosaur tracks was also remarked upon. The density is high, the assemblage would represent a density of tracks of around 365 per square metre. Generally, high densities of tracks (in excess of 100 per square metre), have often been cited as evidence of gregarious behaviour or high activity levels.
A detailed comparison with other pterosaur tracks suggests that these prints belong to the ichnogenus Pteraichnus, this is the tenth ichnospecies to be assigned to this ichnogenus. It being distinguished from the others by several traits, for example in these tracks the length of the toes on the foot are equal to the length of the metatarsal part of the foot. The ratio between the length of the toes and the rest of the foot is 1:1, this ratio is different from other reported pterosaur tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Pteraichnus.
The foot of the dsungaripterid pterosaur Noripterus complicidens (left) with outline drawing of N. complicidens foot (middle) and interpretative drawing of a track made by a foot (right). The researchers infer that these tracks were probably made by N. complicidens. The length of the digital part of the foot (Di) is equal to the length of the metatarsal part of foot (Me). The ratio between the length of the toes and the rest of the foot is 1:1 this ratio is different from other reported pterosaur tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Pteraichnus and therefore supports the theory that these tracks represent a new ichnospecies. Picture credit: Li et al with additional notation by Everything Dinosaur.
Tracks Possibly Made by Noripterus complicidens
The researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Centre for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment), postulate that the tracks may have been made by the dsungaripterid pterosaur Noripterus complicidens. To date only two genera of pterosaur have been identified from fossils found in the Shengjinkou Formation in north-western China. They are both members of the Dsungaripteridae family, a group of advanced pterodactyloid pterosaurs with robust, stout skulls and strong limbs. The two genera are Dsungaripterus (D. weii) and the slightly smaller Noripterus (N. complicidens). By comparing the tracks to the foot bone of Noripterus, the researchers concluded that these tracks were made by Noripterus, a pterosaur with a wingspan of approximately 2 metres that probably fed on shellfish, hence the congregation of pterosaur tracks at this site, although no feeding traces could be identified.
An incomplete specimen of the dsungaripterid pterosaur Noripterus complicidens. Picture credit: Junchang Lü.
The scientific paper: “A new pterosaur tracksite from the Lower Cretaceous of Wuerho, Junggar Basin, China: inferring the first putative pterosaur trackmaker” by Yang Li, Xiaolin Wang and Shunxing Jiang published in PeerJ.
New research published in the on-line academic journal “PeerJ” suggests that the bite of a juvenile T. rex was strong enough to puncture bone.
University of Wisconsin Oshkosh palaeontologist Joseph Peterson in collaboration with Shannon Brink, formerly at Wisconsin but now a student at East Carolina University along with Jack Tseng (University of Berkeley, California), tested the bite force that can be generated on the tip of a tooth from a teenage T. rex. They discovered that even though the tyrannosaur was far from fully grown, it could generate a bite force of up to 5,641 newtons, that’s much higher than an adult male lion (Panthera leo) and more than has been estimated for the giant abelisaurid Carnotaurus (C. sastrei). In fact, this bite force estimate for a T. rex believed to have been around thirteen years of age is comparable to the calculated bite forces of many adult meat-eating dinosaurs such as Allosaurus fragilis.
University of Wisconsin Oshkosh palaeontologist Joseph Peterson demonstrating the bone penetrating bite of a tyrannosaur. Picture credit: University of Wisconsin Oshkosh.
Where did Juvenile Tyrannosaurs Fit in Late Cretaceous Ecosystems
Whilst there has been quite a lot of research on the bite force potential of adult meat-eating dinosaurs, particularly tyrannosaurs, much less work has been undertaken to assess the bite forces generated by juveniles. By gaining a better understanding of the power of the jaws of these sub-adult predators, then palaeontologists can infer important information about their behaviour such as hunting strategies and preferred prey.
The Schleich juvenile T. rex and the 2017 Schleich T. rex model. Juvenile tyrannosaurs had a bone crunching bite.New research into the bite force generated by juvenile T. rex dinosaurs suggest that they could penetrate bone.
Crunching Cow Bones
In order to test the bite force, a replica of a tooth from a juvenile T. rex was mounted onto a mechanical testing frame used in the University’s engineering and science block. Numerous experiments were then carried out to see if the tooth could penetrate and crack the leg bone of a cow. Based on seventeen successful attempts to match the depth and shape of penetration marks identified in the fossil record, the researchers determined that a thirteen-year-old T. rex could have exerted up to 5,641 newtons of force, that’s somewhere between the bite force exerted by a modern-day hyena and a crocodile.
Impressive as it is, after all, we humans can muster a bite force across our incisors of around 300 newtons, the juvenile T. rex had a much weaker bite than that estimated for an adult. Some scientists have calculated that an adult T. rex could generate a bite force in excess of 35,000 newtons, easily enough pressure to shatter the bones of a hadrosaur or a Triceratops.
Bite down hard! Assessing the bite force of Tyrannosaurus rex. Picture credit: Biology Letters.
The study reveals that juvenile T. rexes were developing their biting techniques and strengthening their jaw muscles to be able crush bone once their adult teeth came in.
Commenting on the significance of this study, Joseph Peterson stated:
“This actually gives us a little bit of a metric to help us gauge how quickly the bite force is changing from juvenile to adulthood, and something to compare with how the body is changing during that same period of time. Are they already crushing bone? No, but they are puncturing it. It allows us to get a better idea of how they are feeding, what they are eating. It is just adding more to that full picture of how animals like tyrannosaurs lived and grew and the roles that they played in that ecosystem.”
The scientific paper: “Bite force estimates in juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on simulated puncture marks” by Joseph E. Peterson, Z. Jack Tseng and Shannon Brink published in PeerJ.
