All about dinosaurs, fossils and prehistoric animals by Everything Dinosaur team members.
20 11, 2017

Developing Fine Motor Skills in Your Child

By |2023-08-25T14:03:14+01:00November 20th, 2017|Early Years Foundation Reception|Comments Off on Developing Fine Motor Skills in Your Child

Helping to Develop Fine Motor Skills in Young Children

One of our Everything Dinosaur teaching team members was asked the other day by an anxious mother of a three-year-old about the best way to develop fine motor skills in her child.  Fine motor control is certainly a key skill that will stand your child in good stead when it comes to school, especially when you consider the dexterity required to hold a writing implement and to form letters.  However, the use of pens and pencils are not necessarily required to help your child develop fine motor control. 

As a child explores everyday objects and learns about their properties, then motor control will be improved.  Simply playing with small objects or even rolling out modelling clay will help your child gain confidence and improve their dexterity.

Fine Motor Skills Are an Essential Key Life Skill

Reception child draws a sauropod.
Long-necked dinosaur by a Reception-aged child.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Fine Motor Skills Defined

Fine motor skills or fine motor control as it is sometimes referred to as, involves a coordinated and confident use of small muscles to enable delicate tasks to be completed successfully.  Developing the ability to manipulate and control small objects with the fingers and thumb will be vital as the child begins the process of learning to write.  Motor skills develop over time and effective motor control will help the child with numerous activities, not just those involving academic achievement but tasks that help the child gain more independence and self-confidence, tasks such as dressing and feeding oneself.

Parents wanting to help their toddler with their fine motor control, such as the mother of the three-year-old, can simply encourage the child through creative play at home.  Activities in which the child has to manipulate small objects are very useful, forming letters using modelling clay, playing with small building bricks, tracing shapes in a sand tray, all these activities can help a child build strength in their fingers and dexterity.

Playing with Plastic Dinosaurs Can Help Build Fine Motor Skills

PNSO Domingo the Carnotaurus and A-Shu the Qianzhousaurus
The PNSO Domingo the Carnotaurus and A-Shu dinosaur models. Playing with dinosaur models can help develop fine motor skills.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The two theropod dinosaur figures shown above come from the PNSO model range.

To view this range: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Models and Figures.

Everything Dinosaur and Developing Fine Motor Skills

Everything Dinosaur’s set of plastic dinosaur skeletons make a great set of resources to help develop fine motor skills.  Our skeleton set features twelve different prehistoric animal models and these little plastic dinosaurs have been used in all sorts of activities to help encourage fine motor control.  From making casts in modelling clay to pretending to excavate a fossil in the sand pit, these sturdy figures are great for imaginative, creative play and just the right size for little hands to manipulate.

To view the skeleton set and the extensive range of learning orientated dinosaur-themed resources available: Everything Dinosaur.

Points to Remember – Top Tips

When it comes to handwriting, some children are going to be able to develop the appropriate skill set more quickly than others, but don’t worry – practice makes perfect.  Children develop at different rates, one sibling may develop more quickly than another.  Many children will need to work on their fine motor skills for some time in order to build up the strength and coordination required to tackle writing.  Parents, guardians and grandparents can assist in his process by encouraging the child through creative, imaginative play with small objects that require manipulation.

For dinosaur themed children’s toys and games: Dinosaur Themed Toys, Games and Gifts.

20 11, 2017

JurassicCollectables Reviews the Papo Dimorphodon Figure

By |2023-08-25T13:47:06+01:00November 20th, 2017|Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Products, Everything Dinosaur videos, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|1 Comment

A Review of the Papo Dimorphodon Figure by JurassicCollectables

We are in the middle of “dinovember”, a time of the year when model fans showcase their prehistoric animal figures.  How appropriate then, for those talented people at JurassicCollectables to bring out a video review of the Early Jurassic pterosaur Dimorphodon.   This is a very informative and well-made video review of a Papo, new for 2017, prehistoric animal model.  The Papo Dimorphodon model was one of the last of the new for 2017 releases, but it was well worth the wait and this excellent video really does this flying reptile figure justice.

The JurassicCollectables Video Review of the Papo Dimorphodon Replica

Video credit: JurassicCollectables

The Papo Dimorphodon Model

Dimorphodon was a flying reptile, a member of the long-tailed pterosaurs.  The narrator highlights the tail on the replica in this enjoyable video review, describing the colour scheme as very “lemur-like”.  He goes on to praise the design team at Papo for making figures that have lots of natural colours and that reflect what is seen in animals alive today.

Two species of Dimorphodon have been recognised, the first to be described was a specimen found in England (by the famous fossil hunter Mary Anning).  A second species is known from Mexico.  The video gives viewers the chance to see the well-painted skull in glorious detail and comments are made about the way in which Papo depict the eyes on their figures.  There is even time to admire the articulated jaw, showing those different-sized teeth, that gave this genus of Early Jurassic flying reptile its name.

The New for 2017 Papo Dimorphodon Model

Papo Dimorphodon figure.
The Papo Dimorphodon model.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Comparing the Papo Dimorphodon to Other Papo Prehistoric Animals

A great thing about this JurassicCollectables video review is that model collectors can compare the Papo Dimorphodon to several other Papo models, all of which have been previously reviewed on the JurassicCollectables YouTube channel.  In this video, the viewer is treated to comparisons with the new Papo young Spinosaurus replica along with the Archaeopteryx, Pteranodon and the Papo Tupuxuara.  Poor, “off-colour Alan”, does not fare well, the Dimorphodon is shown attacking him and the video ends with the flying reptile balanced on his shoulders.

The YouTube channel of JurassicCollectables provides a comprehensive resource for prehistoric animal and dinosaur model reviews.  The videos are skilfully produced and provide viewers with the chance to examine prehistoric animal figures very close-up.

Visit the YouTube channel of JurassicCollectables here: JurassicCollectables on YouTube, Everything Dinosaur recommends that prehistoric animal model fans subscribe to JurassicCollectables.

A Close-up View of the Skull and Jaws of the Papo Dimorphodon Figure

The Papo Dimorphodon model (detail of the head).
The Papo Dimorphodon flying reptile head close-up.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The video is just under twelve minutes in length and it contains a wealth of material on this 2017 Papo edition and the French company is praised for producing figures with naturalistic and earthy tones with amazing detail, especially around the eye socket.

It is always a pleasure to see reviews of Pterosaurs, especially a flying reptile with an affinity with the British Isles such as Dimorphodon.  We look forward to viewing the videos produced by JurassicCollectables when the new for 2018 Papo figures become available.

To see the entire range of Papo prehistoric animal models at Everything Dinosaur, including all the 2017 prehistoric animal releases: Papo Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

19 11, 2017

Papo New Prehistoric Animal Models for 2018

By |2023-08-25T13:38:22+01:00November 19th, 2017|Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

Papo New Prehistoric Animal Models for 2018

A lot of media sources have published pictures of the new for 2018 prehistoric animal models from Papo.  These sites have claimed that there is a total of five new items, however, many of these sites and media sources have omitted details about the introduction of a large, prehistoric animal themed play set from Papo due for release next year.  In this blog post we will provide details and images of all six of the new for 2018 releases heading for the Papo “dinosaurs” model range.

Papo Young Spinosaurus will be Available as an Individual Model

Papo juvenile Spinosaurus model.
The Papo young Spinosaurus dinosaur model.

Papo Prehistoric Animal Models

The Papo young Spinosaurus figure will be available to purchase as an individual model.  Currently, this figure is only available in a box set with the Papo Ceratosaurus.  It has now been confirmed that the juvenile Spinosaurus with its articulated lower jaw will become part of the model range and that the limited-edition box set will be discontinued.

Fans of Papo and model collectors have just a few weeks in order to pick up the special edition gift box which features the Papo young Spinosaurus and the Papo Ceratosaurus figure.

The Limited-edition Papo Box Set (Young Spinosaurus and Ceratosaurus Dinosaur Models)

Papo juvenile Spinosaurus and the Papo Ceratosaurus special edition gift box.
The Papo juvenile Spinosaurus and the Papo Ceratosaurus gift box.

To view the special edition gift box and the rest of the Papo model range: Papo Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals.

Papo Amargasaurus Model

Papo have added another diplodocid dinosaur to join their young Apatosaurus figure.  The Papo Amargasaurus is depicted with a neck frill and a humped-back, perhaps an evolutionary adaptation to help this large, herbivorous dinosaur endure prolonged periods of drought.

The New for 2018 Papo Amargasaurus Dinosaur Model

Papo Amargasaurus
Papo Amargasaurus dinosaur model.

Papo Prehistoric Man Model

Next up, is the Papo prehistoric man figure, complete with spear and club.  This model looks to us like a re-issue of the Papo caveman figure with spear that was discontinued some years ago.  This figure sports a new paint scheme and it is great to see an introduction of a “caveman” into the Papo collection, especially since France has a rich heritage of hominin fossils.

The New for 2018 Papo Prehistoric Man Figure

Papo Caveman with club and spear.
Papo prehistoric man.

Comparing the Papo Cavemen Figures

Papo cavemen comparison.
A comparison between the original Papo caveman and the 2018 Papo prehistoric man.

Papo Therizinosaurus

The new Papo Therizinosaurus dinosaur model is expected to arrive sometime in quarter 2 (March to the end of June 2018), it too, will possess an articulated jaw, like the young Spinosaurus replica.  We have yet to have formal confirmation of the measurements, but we at Everything Dinosaur, believe that this is going to be Papo’s largest prehistoric animal model introduced next year.

New for 2018 the Papo Therizinosaurus Dinosaur Model

Papo Therizinosaurus.
Papo Therizinosaurus dinosaur model.

The sculpt is very typically Papo, with the design team favouring a more scaly representation, with feathers confined mainly to the arms and to that stubby tail.  The posture is interesting, with the left foot raised resulting in the replica balancing on the toe claws, reminiscent of the stance seen in the 2017 Papo Ceratosaurus.

New for 2018 the Papo Iguanodon Figure

Papo Iguanodon dinosaur model.
The new for 2018 Papo Iguanodon model.

Papo Iguanodon Dinosaur Model

Expected to arrive around the same time as the Therizinosaurus replica is this fascinating model of Iguanodon.  It certainly is a very robust looking dinosaur and the limb proportions suggest that this model is based upon Iguanodon bernissartensis, which makes sense as fossils of this herbivorous dinosaur have been found in France, as well as elsewhere within Europe.  The Papo Iguanodon will have an articulated jaw.

With five figures added, it is worthwhile mentioning what models will be retired next year from the Papo model range.  The Pachyrhinosaurus, the baby brown Tyrannosaurus rex figure and the baby Woolly Mammoth model are now all out of production.

To read more about Papo model retirements: Papo Models and Retirements.

The Papo “Land of Dinosaurs”

The sixth edition to the Papo “Les Dinosaures” range is this large-sized, prehistoric animal themed play set.  Full details have yet to be released by Papo, but following the successful introduction of the bush outpost and playmat into the “La Vie Sauvage” (wildlife) range, it was almost inevitable that a prehistoric landscape would be made.

New for 2018 Papo “Land of Dinosaurs” Play Set

Papo dinosaur landscape play set.
Papo “Land of Dinosaurs” play set.

Constructed from sturdy card and other composite materials, the “Land of Dinosaurs” slots together to create a cave with an erupting volcano in which to place your prehistoric animal models.  We are not sure of the dimensions of this set, other than having been told “it’s big”.  In addition, we suspect that the prehistoric animals featured in the image above will not be included in the kit (figures sold separately).

When Will These Models/Play Sets be Available?

At Everything Dinosaur, we will publish more information when we receive it, but for the time being here are the proposed release dates:

Quarter 1 (between January and the end of March) – Young Spinosaurus, the prehistoric man, Papo Amargasaurus and the “Land of Dinosaurs” play set.

Quarter 2 (between the end of March and the end of June) – Papo Iguanodon and the Papo Therizinosaurus models.

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

18 11, 2017

Everything Dinosaur’s First Christmas Newsletter (2017)

By |2023-08-25T13:05:11+01:00November 18th, 2017|Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Newsletters, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

Everything Dinosaur Getting into the Christmas Spirit

It’s beginning to look a lot like Christmas…  Our warehouse and packing area is very busy as we enter that time of year when gift buying reaches its peak.  For the next six weeks or so Everything Dinosaur team members are going to be working as fast as we can to ensure that Christmas presents are packed and dispatched in time for the big day.  Our first newsletter about the festive season is about to go out and we have even added a new banner to mark the start of holiday season.

A New Banner for Our Newsletter (Christmas 2017)

It's beginning to look a lot like Christmas.
Everything Dinosaur, Christmas Newsletter banner 2017.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

A Blue Triceratops Christmas for Everything Dinosaur

The Everything Dinosaur newsletter features information about a new addition to our huge soft toy prehistoric animal range.  It might be getting a little chilly outside but this blue, very cuddly Triceratops soft toy is guaranteed to warm the cockles of your heart.

A Blue Triceratops Soft Toy

A big, Triceratops soft toy.
A big, blue Triceratops soft toy.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The soft toy Triceratops measures a whopping 45 centimetres long and his colourful crest is some 22 cm in the air.  Made from sponge washable fabric, this is proving to be a firm favourite amongst young dinosaur fans.

To view the big, blue Triceratops and the other large soft toy dinosaurs available from Everything Dinosaur: Dinosaur Soft Toys.

Dinosaur Themed Stocking Fillers

When it comes to prehistoric animal gifts and dinosaur themed stocking fillers, visitors to Everything Dinosaur’s website will be spoilt for choice.  The UK-based company stocks hundreds of different dinosaurs, marine reptiles, prehistoric mammals and flying reptiles.  All kinds of gifts at very reasonable prices all backed by the super-fast delivery service.

The Newsletter Highlighted Some Stocking Filler Gift Ideas

Christmas gift ideas for 2017.
Dinosaur themed Christmas gifts.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Personal favourites this year include prehistoric animal themed pendants and a splendid T. rex inspired clip-on reading light – just the thing to inspire the next generation of palaeontologists.  In addition, our thousands of model collectors were not forgotten, the newsletter contained information about the acquisition of some of the very last sets of prehistoric shark models from Safari Ltd.

To view the Safari Ltd model range: Wild Safari Prehistoric World Figures.

The “Wild Safari Prehistoric Sharks Toob” has long since been retired, but Everything Dinosaur newsletter readers were notified about some sets having been acquired and they were offered them at a special discounted price.  No need to spend a fortune looking for rare models on auction sites, Everything Dinosaur has it covered – better grab these special offers soon before they disappear into “fin” [pun] air!

The Prehistoric Sharks Toob (Safari Ltd)

Everything Dinosaur stocking the prehistoric shark toob.
Everything Dinosaur stocking the prehistoric shark toob.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Check out the special offers and the wide gift selection: Everything Dinosaur’s website.

Our dedicated team members are on hand to help with enquiries and we are working seven days a week to ensure parcels are dispatched promptly, However, we are still making time to answer questions and handle enquiries from our many thousands of newsletter subscribers.  It is certainly beginning to look a lot like Christmas…

To subscribe to Everything Dinosaur’s regular newsletter, simply drop us an email: Email Everything Dinosaur.

17 11, 2017

New CollectA Models 2018 (Part 3)

By |2023-08-25T12:29:45+01:00November 17th, 2017|Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

New CollectA Models 2018 (Part 3)

Time for a first peek, at the third batch of new for 2018 CollectA prehistoric animal models.  Today’s releases feature a dinosaur, an animal often mistaken for a dinosaur but more closely related to the third new model announced this morning.  We have a Ceratosaurus, a Dimetrodon and a beautiful model of a prehistoric proboscidean Gomphotherium!

The New for 2018 CollectA Deluxe 1:40 Scale Ceratosaurus Dinosaur Model

CollectA Ceratosaurus dinosaur model.
CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Ceratosaurus dinosaur model.

CollectA 1:40 Ceratosaurus Dinosaur Model

This beautifully proportioned dinosaur comes complete with an articulated jaw, all the better to show off that over-sized dentition that makes this relatively rare Late Jurassic theropod so formidable.  The spotted and mottled black markings remind us of the spots found on extant leopards, an apt choice of artwork as this dinosaur was contemporaneous with the “lion of the Jurassic” Allosaurus.

The eye is drawn to the vivid colours around the skull and the row of scutes (scales) that run down the back of this predator.

Model designer Anthony Beeson explains:

“I have been wanting to make a model of this dinosaur for some time.  As the nasal horn is likely to have been an object of display rather than a weapon, I have given it a bright keratin sheath and a face paint that makes the most of it.  The animal’s back has a row of osteoderms along it and the tail is deep rather like that of a crocodile, as it may have been partly aquatic in its hunting.”

With the recent research undertaken into the Spinosauridae, the idea that Ceratosaurus may have been partially aquatic has once again gained prominence.  It is good to see this prehistoric animal provided with a base, this helps keep the feet in proportion and permits a more dynamic pose for the replica.

To view a CollectA Allosaurus model and other CollectA replicas: CollectA Prehistoric Life Models.

Not a Dinosaur but a Dimetrodon

Joining the Ceratosaurus, is another predator, one that roamed the Earth over 100 million years before Ceratosaurus, a mighty sail-backed monster of the Permian – Dimetrodon.  Although, Dimetrodon is often mistaken for a dinosaur, it is more closely related to mammals like us, than it is to the Dinosauria.

The CollectA 1:20 Scale Dimetrodon Model

CollectA Dimetrodon model.
The CollectA Dimetrodon in 1:20 scale.

CollectA Prehistoric Animal Models

CollectA are not the first to make a replica of this iconic pelycosaur.  However, the CollectA model shows a remarkable attention to detail and provides a different perspective on this, one of the most famous animals from the Palaeozoic.  Firstly, it has been given a striking camouflage, a wonderful mix of khaki, tan and green that would have helped this carnivore to blend into its environment.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur praised these new CollectA prehistoric animal models.

The posture of the model depicts a highly mobile animal with strong legs and a tail lifted clear of the ground, in stark contrast to the portrayal of Dimetrodon in paintings from the early part of the 20th century, in which Dimetrodon was depicted as a sluggish, slow-moving creature with a sprawling gait.  The model has an articulated jaw and the skin is rough and warty, it is a glandular skin, a stark contrast to other recently released Dimetrodon replicas that retain a scaly skin texture.  Whereas the underbelly is covered in much finer scales, as seen in other, related Permian synapsid fossils.

The model also shows signs of wear and tear, typically a large predator would pick up numerous injuries over the course of its lifetime.

Commenting on CollectA Prehistoric Animal Models

Anthony Beeson explained:

“As you will see, our Dimetrodon is unlike any that have been issued before as toys.  His sail does not reach to the end of neural spines and echoes the theory that the skin did not necessarily fully cover it.  It has also sustained an injury, which would be a reality as examples of bent and fractured spines have been found.”

It makes sense to depict Dimetrodon with a degree of pathology present.  Numerous specimens preserve deformed areas on the neural spines that appear to be healed-over fractures and the webbing across that famous sail may not have been as extensive as previously thought.  It is going to be fun depicting this replica next to the recently announced CollectA Estemmenosuchus figure.

To read about the new for 2018 CollectA Estemmenosuchus and other CollectA model releases: New CollectA Models for 2018 (Part 2).

For the article outlining the first batch of new for 2018 CollectA models: New CollectA Models for 2018 (Part 1).

CollectA 1:20 Scale Gomphotherium

The third offering from CollectA is this magnificent Gomphotherium replica.  A model of “welded beast” joins the CollectA range and it makes a fine companion piece to the Woolly Mammoth figures and the Deinotherium model that already grace the CollectA range.

New for 2018 The CollectA 1:20 Scale Gomphotherium Model

CollectA Gomphotherium.
The CollectA 1:20 scale Gomphotherium model. One of three new CollectA prehistoric animal figures announced today.

Anthony comments:

“He is an addition to our prehistoric elephants.  He is a strange beast with his upper enamel-covered tusks recurving whilst the lower are thought to have been used for digging up roots or water plants.  The length of the trunk is unknown, so I have calculated what I believe would be a useful length.  I have given him a partial furring of hair.”

Gomphotherium (CollectA Prehistoric Animal Models)

A number of species of Gomphotherium have been described since the genus name was first erected back in 1837.  The long, low skull of Gomphotherium is in sharp contrast to the domed skulls of the later Mammut (American Mastodon) and the Mammoths.

The design team have had to speculate on the length of the trunk, its length is not known, intriguingly the trunk length in the model is considerably longer than the trunk seen in an illustration of Gomphotherium in the “Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals”, that Everything Dinosaur team members recently reviewed.  That said, the trunk as depicted in the model, seems perfectly proportioned and given the unique dentition of this proboscidean it is not unreasonable to suggest a prehensile trunk length as shown in this 1.20 scale replica.

CollectA Model Measurements

Here is the tale of the tape, that we know dinosaur fans and model collectors are after:

CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Ceratosaurus – length just under 27 cm with a height of just over 12 cm

The CollectA Dimetrodon (1:20 scale) – length 19 cm with a maximum height at the top of the sale of 11 cm

CollectA Gomphotherium (1:20 scale) – length 18.5 cm long with a height of just over 7 cm

These are a fantastic trio of models and we look forward to adding them to our model range in the near future.

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life models currently in stock at Everything Dinosaur: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life.

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

16 11, 2017

Workshop Inspires Dinosaur Poster

By |2023-08-25T09:46:32+01:00November 16th, 2017|General Teaching, Key Stage 1/2|Comments Off on Workshop Inspires Dinosaur Poster

Dinosaur Poster Created After Dinosaur Workshop

Our thanks to the pupils in Year 5 and Year 6 at Streethouse Primary (West Yorkshire), who sent into Everything Dinosaur’s office a wonderful set of posters and thank you letters after our recent dinosaur and fossil workshop at the school.  There were some wonderful examples of cursive hand-writing amongst the letters and some stencil inspired prehistoric animal drawings.

Year 5 and Year 6 Pupils Inspired by Dinosaur Workshop

Beautiful dinosaur posters.
Amazing dinosaur posters from Year 5/6.

Picture credit: Streethouse Primary School

For prehistoric animal themed toys and games, perhaps inspiring dinosaur posters of your own: Prehistoric Animal Toys and Gifts.

Dinosaur Posters

Everything Dinosaur was invited into the school to work with the Key Stage 2 class for a morning.  The workshop provided a provocation for the term topic and during the morning, we challenged the children to have a go at a variety of extension activities.  It seems that our workshop was a great success, earning 5* stars from the teaching team and a comment on the poster, says it all, “it was awesome!”  The prehistoric animal stencils have helped produce a variety of posters and some stencils were even used to illustrate the thank you letters we received.

Examples of Posters and Letters Sent into Everything Dinosaur

Prehistoric animal themed letters.
A collection of correspondence from Year 5/6 pupils.

Picture credit: Streethouse Primary School

The photograph above shows just some of the fantastic collection of letters and posters created by pupils in Year 5/6.

We are glad to have helped inspire the children and we wish them and their dedicated teachers every success with the term topic.

Visit the award-winning and user-friendly Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

16 11, 2017

Cataloguing the Ancient Forests of Antarctica

By |2023-08-25T09:21:23+01:00November 16th, 2017|Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Geology, Main Page, Palaeontological articles, Photos/Pictures of Fossils|0 Comments

Permian, Triassic and Jurassic-aged Forests Explored on the Coldest Continent

Over the next few months, a team of intrepid scientists will be hoping to continue their exploration of some of the most remote fossil locations in the world.  Researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee have been mapping the sedimentary deposits at McIntyre Promontory, at the head of the Ramsey Glacier in Antarctica.  To date, the team have recorded an extensive series of strata ranging in ages from the Late Permian to the Jurassic, the numerous plant fossils found are helping the scientists to better understand the evolution of ancient forests and their flora over the southernmost portions of Gondwana.

Remains of Prehistoric Forests Uncovered in Antarctica

Prehistoric tree trunk (geology hammer provides scale).
An ancient tree trunk discovered in Antarctica.

Picture credit: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Antarctica in the Late Permian Period

A total of thirteen trees have been found with numerous fragmentary fossils of other plants, including Ginkgos and Glossopteris.  The oldest plants described by this research team, date from the Late Permian of around 260 million years ago.  Some of the fossils have stems and roots attached and have been preserved “in situ”.  No transport of fossil material is involved, the fossils are preserved where the plants grew.  The flora of this southerly habitat has been preserved thanks to occasional volcanic events that buried the primitive forests in ash.

Commenting on the significance of the Antarctic ancient flora, palaeoecologist and visiting assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Department of Geosciences, Erik Gulbranson stated:

“People have known about the fossils in Antarctica since the 1910-12 Robert Falcon Scott expedition.  However, most of Antarctica is still unexplored.  Sometimes, you might be the first person to ever climb a particular mountain.”

Beautifully Preserved Plant Fossils

Ancient plant fossils from Antarctica.
Ancient plant fossil remains.

Picture credit: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Late Permian Forests

The Late Permian forests preceded the most extensive mass extinction event in the Phanerozoic (end Permian mass extinction event),  the scientists are hoping to use their growing knowledge of the ancient Antarctic forests to look at the possible impact on global warming on extant plant communities.  In addition, as the Antarctic forests grew at polar latitudes where plants can’t grow today, Gulbranson believes that the trees were an extremely hardy species and he and his colleagues are trying to determine why they died out.

Just like their modern counterparts, prehistoric tree fossils can reveal seasonal growth rings.  These rings when examined in microscopic detail can reveal patterns of seasonal growth.  Antarctica during the Late Permian was further north than it is today, even so, despite the milder climate, the forests would have had to endure prolonged periods of darkness, when the sun never emerged above the horizon.  The research team hopes to use the ancient growth rings to learn more about how these forests coped with such extremes.

Ancient Tree Trunks Can Help Decipher Seasonal Growth Patterns

Antarctic prehistoric plant life.
Ancient trees can reveal evidence of seasonal growth.

Picture credit: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Climate Change and the End Permian Mass Extinction Event

The cause or causes of the end Permian extinction event remain an area of controversy within palaeontology, although many scientists now believe that a huge increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases such as methane and CO2 which resulted from extensive global volcanic activity led to world-wide climate change.  John Isbell (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), has visited Antarctica before, on this expedition he examined the matrix and other sediments surrounding the in situ fossils to determine how these plant remains fitted into the geology of Antarctica.

To read an article written by Everything Dinosaur in 2015, that explains how rocks from South Africa are helping scientists to unravel global extinction events: Karoo Rocks Provide a Fresh Insight into Extinction Events.

The Plant Fossils Might Represent New Species

The prehistoric forests of Antarctica.
Delicate plant fronds have been preserved.

Picture credit: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Extensive Ancient Forests

The extensive forests may have stretched across the whole of the super-continent Gondwana.  Evidence of Glossopteris fossils and other plant remains have been used to help substantiate the theory of continental drift.  These Permian forests would have looked very different from today’s temperate woodlands, the flora would have been dominated by mosses, ferns, pteridosperms (seed ferns) and conifers.

Erik Gulbranson explained that the Antarctic fossils have provided important information about plant diversity at higher latitudes. During the Permian, forests were a potentially low diversity assemblage of different plant types with specific functions that affected how the entire forest responded to environmental change.  This is in direct contrast to today’s high-latitude forests that display greater plant diversity.

Gulbranson added:

“This plant group must have been capable of surviving and thriving in a variety of environments.  It’s extremely rare, even today, for a group to appear across nearly an entire hemisphere of the globe.”

Tough Forests Failed to Survive Climate Change

The researchers conclude that these tough trees and plants did not survive the climate change that marked the end of the Permian.  Younger plant fossils from Triassic and Jurassic sediments provide evidence of the changing Antarctic flora over time, but many of the types of plants found in the Permian forests, despite their resilience, died out.

Erik Gulbranson Can Study the Permian Plant Fossils in the University Laboratory

Plant fossils being examined.
Examining the Permian plant fossils (Erik Gulbranson – University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee).

Picture credit: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee/Troye Fox

By analysing the preserved tree growth rings, the scientists have found that these trees transitioned from summer activity to winter dormancy very rapidly, perhaps within a few weeks.  Extant plants make the same transition over the course of several months and also conserve water by making food during the day and resting at night.  Scientists don’t yet know how months of perpetual light would have affected the plants’ day-and-night cycles.

The team hope to return to the various Antarctic dig sites in the early part of 2018.  They hope to learn more about the annual growth cycles of the trees and to determine how the forests coped with rising levels of greenhouse gases and a warming climate.  It is hoped that by studying the Permian flora of Antarctica, models looking at how living plants will cope with climate change can be developed.

For models of prehistoric plants and creatures from the Permian: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Models.

15 11, 2017

Dinosaur Letters – Answering Questions

By |2023-08-25T09:38:12+01:00November 15th, 2017|Educational Activities, Main Page, Teaching|0 Comments

Dinosaur Letters from Streethouse Primary

Our thanks to the Year 5/6 class at Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School (West Yorkshire), for sending in some super dinosaur letters and some amazingly colourful prehistoric animal posters.  We set this Key Stage 2 class a series of extension exercises (hope the children have enjoyed researching the Coelacanth), one of the extensions involved writing a thank you letter and sending them into our office.  We have received a collection of wonderful dinosaur-themed correspondence.

Dinosaur Letters Sent by Schoolchildren

Prehistoric animal themed letters.
A collection of correspondence from Year 5/6 pupils.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

Answering Questions About Dinosaurs

Violet wanted to know if we could name a dinosaur, what would we call it?  That is a very good question, given that Violet lives in Yorkshire and that numerous dinosaur fossils have been found in that part of the world, if we were lucky enough to find a new dinosaur in northern England, we might have to name it “Yorkshiresaurus”.

Violet’s Letter

Dinosaur thank you letter.
A thank you letter from Violet.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

Jack explained in his letter that Tyrannosaurus rex could have been a hunter as well as a scavenger.  Kelsey asked if drift wood was a fossil?  Drift wood that you find on the beach is not a fossil, but if it gets buried in the sand then it can be fossilised.  At Everything Dinosaur, we have lots of fossils of plants and trees, the oldest of which are around 360 million years old.  Laura wrote to say that she enjoyed holding the fossils and learning about bones.

Archie’s Very Colourful Prehistoric Animal Drawings

Colourful dinosaurs.
We received lots of colourful dinosaurs from Year 5/6.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

Dinosaur Letters

Kai wanted to know what was the fiercest dinosaur?  That, is quite a difficult question to answer.  The meat-eating dinosaurs belong to a group called the Theropoda, the big carnivores were very dangerous, but some of the smaller, carnivorous dinosaurs, if they were around today, would probably have wanted to add Year 5/6 pupils to their diet.

Perhaps the children can look up dinosaurs such as Saurornitholestes and Atrociraptor and produce a poster with lots of dinosaur facts.  Our thanks to Kaya for including a picture of a marine reptile in the thank you letter that we received.  Charlie sent us a beautiful spotted long-necked dinosaur and described the morning of activities as “awesome”, whilst Cameron enjoyed learning about Megalodon and Evie wanted us to come back and visit the class again.

Tyler and His Thank You Letter

Dinosaur letter
Stegosaurus featured in a number of the children’s letters.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

Amazing Posters and Letters Sent in by Year 5/6

Beautiful dinosaur posters.
Amazing dinosaur posters from Year 5/6.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

What is our Favourite Dinosaur?

A number of the children asked what was our favourite dinosaur?  We have been recently working on a really odd dinosaur called Sciurumimus, which means “squirrel mimic” as when this dinosaur was young, it had a bushy tail just like a squirrel.

Great Writing from the Children Including this Example from Jayden

Thank you letter from Jayden.
A thank you letter from Jayden.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

For educational dinosaur themed toys and gifts: Learning About Dinosaurs – Toys and Gifts.

Wonderful Examples of Cursive Writing on Display

Year 5 and Year 6 children and their letters to Everything Dinosaur
Cursive writing on display from Year 5/6.

Picture credit: Streethouse Junior, Infants and Nursery School

“Dinosaur Mike” who had visited the school to conduct the morning workshop with the class, commented:

“I want to say a big thank you to all the children in Year 5/6 at Streethouse Primary.  My colleagues and I enjoyed looking at the posters and reading the letters that were sent in.  Some wonderful hand-writing and great grammar.  Congratulations to you all!”

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

14 11, 2017

Evidence of Placental Mammals – Early Cretaceous Purbeck

By |2023-08-25T09:12:48+01:00November 14th, 2017|Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page, Photos/Pictures of Fossils|1 Comment

Durlstotherium newmani and Durlstodon ensomi

Finally got round to reading the paper on the discovery of evidence of Eutherian (placental) mammals in Early Cretaceous deposits on, ironically, “the Jurassic Coast”.  The two teeth found during sieving of material collected on the Dorset coast by University of Portsmouth undergraduate student Grant Smith, has led to the erection of two new mammal species.

These fossils represent the earliest, undisputed fossils of mammals that belong to that same group of mammals – the placentals, as we do.  It is wonderful to think that the Dorset coast can still provide amazing fossil discoveries and secondly, it is great that such an important discovery can be made by a relative newcomer to the science of palaeontology.  Well done to all involved in the research and the writing of the academic paper, published in the journal “Acta Palaeontologica Polonica”.

It also gives us an excuse to include the amazing image created by Dr Mark Witton that illustrates the Purbeck palaeoenvironment around the beginning of the Cretaceous.

Dorset Around 145 Million Years Ago

Purbeck Lagoon 145 mya as darkness falls Durlstodon (top left) looks on whilst two Durlstotherium scurry through the undergrowth. In the centre a Durlstotherium has been caught by Nuthetes destructor.

Picture credit: Mark Witton

The two teeth, found at Durlston Bay near Swanage, represent two rat-like Eutherian mammals.  These creatures have been named Durlstotherium newmani and Durlstodon ensomi.  In Dr Witton’s remarkable illustration (above), a scene at dusk is depicted.  It is most likely that these early placentals were nocturnal, even so, as darkness fell there were still plenty of dangers lurking.

The sauropods in the background might not pose much of a threat to our distant ancestors but in the centre of the image, a Durlstotherium has been caught by a two-metre-long theropod dinosaur Nuthetes destructor.  This dinosaur is mainly known from isolated teeth and based on such fragmentary evidence it is difficult to place Nuthetes within the dinosaur family tree, however, it has been suggested that it was a dromaeosaurid.  Thus, the Purbeck area of southern England during the Early Cretaceous was not only home to placental mammals but, potentially, also the residence of the earliest known member of the Dromaeosauridae.

Evidence of Placental Mammals

One of the authors of the paper on the two new mammals, Dr Steve Sweetman (Research Fellow at the University of Portsmouth), concluded that the fossilised teeth and jaw fragment ascribed to N. destructor indicate a taxonomic affinity with the Velociraptor branch of the Dromaeosauridae family.

Various Views of the Two Fossil Teeth (Durlstotherium and Durlstodon)

Purbeck Mesozoic mammal teeth.
Two fossil teeth of the Purbeck Mesozoic mammals, Durlstotherium (A1-4) and Durlstodon (B1-4) , named after Durlston Bay in Dorset.

Picture credit: Portsmouth University

Dr Sweetman, an expert in the dentition of small vertebrates explained how Grant Smith discovered the fossil teeth:

“Grant was sifting through small samples of earliest Cretaceous rocks collected on the coast of Dorset as part of his undergraduate dissertation project in the hope of finding some interesting remains.  Quite unexpectedly he found not one but two quite remarkable teeth of a type never before seen from rocks of this age.  I was asked to look at them and give an opinion and even at first glance my jaw dropped!”

With Mammal Fossils It’s All About the Teeth

While these Dorset fossils may seem a little underwhelming, comprising only two molar teeth with no roots, that measure just a few millimetres across, the unique specialisations of mammal teeth for processing food result in complex tooth shapes.  These shapes evolve in patterns that allow palaeontologists to identify what group a mammal belongs to, meaning that even a single tooth can permit palaeontologists to gather a great deal of information.

The wonderful thing about mammal teeth is that they are very distinctive.  Every type of mammal has a different set of teeth.  The teeth vary in shape from the back to the front of the jaw and you can tell from a single tooth fossil exactly where in the jaw it was located, whether it came from the upper or lower jaw, whether it was on the right side of the skull of the left side.  The pattern on the crowns of the teeth (molars and premolars) provides information on the type of diet the animal had.

These fossil teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Dorset, might be extremely small, but they can tell us a great deal about the animals which had the teeth and provide information on the evolutionary relationship between these animals and other members of the Mammalia.

Dr Sweetman added:

“The teeth are of a type so highly evolved that I realised straight away I was looking at remains of Early Cretaceous mammals that more closely resembled those that lived during the latest Cretaceous, some 60 million years later in geological history.  In the world of palaeontology, there has been a lot of debate around a specimen found in China*, which is approximately 160 million years old.  This was originally said to be of the same type as ours but recent studies have ruled this out.  That being the case, our 145 million year old teeth are undoubtedly the earliest yet known from the line of mammals that lead to our own species.”

* The fossil from China that Dr Sweetman is referring to Juramaia sinensis a tiny, shrew-like mammal, fossils of which come from 160 million-year-old deposits from the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning Province.  Juramaia was named in 2011, it has been controversially described as a basal Eutherian mammal and it suggests that the very earliest placentals were probably arboreal.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article about this fossil discovery: The “Mother” of all Placental Mammals.

If Juramaia is proved to be an Eutherian, then this indicates that placental mammals had their origins in Asia in the Jurassic and that they had spread across Asia to Europe (Laurasia) by the Early Cretaceous.

Scanning Electron Microscope Images of the Tiny Purbeck Teeth

Early Cretaceous mammal teeth from Swanage (Dorset).
Purbeck Mesozoic mammal teeth under the electron microscope.

Picture credit: Portsmouth University

Very Worn Molars

The crowns of the teeth are very worn, this suggests that despite the threat of being eaten by predatory dinosaurs, both mammals lived a long time.

Professor David Martill, who supervised the research project and is a co-author of the scientific paper stated:

“What I’m most pleased about is that a student [David Grant] who is a complete beginner, was able to make a remarkable scientific discovery in palaeontology and see his discovery and his name published in a scientific paper.  The Jurassic Coast is always unveiling fresh secrets and I’d like to think that similar discoveries will continue to be made right on our doorstep.”

One of the new species has been named Durlstotherium newmani, honouring Charlie Newman, a keen, amateur fossil hunter and the landlord of the Square and Compass pub in the village of Worth Matravers, near to where the fossils were discovered.  The trivial name of the second species, Durlstodon ensomi honours Paul Ensom, a palaeontologist who did much to improve our understanding of the palaeoenvironments represented by the geology of Dorset.

For dinosaur and prehistoric animal models: Prehistoric Animal Models.

13 11, 2017

“Thunderfoot” A Real “Ground Shaker”

By |2023-08-25T09:05:24+01:00November 13th, 2017|Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page, Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

Brontopodus plagnensis – New Ichnospecies Named for Giant Sauropod Tracks

A series of dinosaur footprints, made by a giant, long-necked, plant-eating dinosaur have been assigned an ichnospecies name.  The tracks from the Jura plateau of France, located near the village of Plagne not too far from the Swiss border are, at around 155 metres in length, the longest sauropod trackways known to science.  The ichnospecies has been named Brontopodus plagnensis, this translates as “thunderfoot of Plagne”.  The ichnogenus Brontopodus has had a number of ichnospecies assigned to it already, including tracks from the southern United States and dinosaur footprints found in Early Cretaceous rocks in China.

A View of Part of the Sauropod Trackway

Sauropod Tracks (Brontopodus plagnensis).
A picture of the sauropod trackway (Plagne, France).

Picture credit: P. Dumas/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

To read an article about sauropod tracks found on the Isle of Skye: Isle of Skye Sauropods and their Water World.

Enormous Stride Length = Enormous Dinosaur

The stride length of this huge sauropod has been measured at 2.7 metres, the dinosaur was walking at around 4 kilometres/hour, which means that the average human would have had no trouble keeping up with it, however, you might have had to jog alongside, as its huge strides would have meant that it covered a great deal of ground with every pace.  From the footprints, the scientists, which included French palaeontologist Jean-Michel Mazin, have calculated that this dinosaur might have been around 35 metres in length and weighed perhaps as much as forty tonnes.

Early Tithonian Trackways

The research team, writing in the journal “Geobios” have precisely dated the tracks to the Early Tithonian faunal stage of the Late Jurassic, the prints are approximately 150 million years old.  The footprints show varying degrees of preservation along the trackway, the palaeoenvironment has been described as a littoral mudflat, a flat area close to a shoreline.

During the Late Jurassic, much of western Europe was covered by a warm tropical sea, the presence of large dinosaurs indicates that there must have been enough food resources on the archipelago of islands in the area to sustain megaherbivores.   Perhaps, these tracks represent a dinosaur crossing mudflats at low tide walking between islands.  Numerous dinosaur tracks are known from this region, including a series of tridactyl (three-toed prints), assigned to the ichnogenus Megalosauripus.  The prefix ichno- is added when a taxon is described based solely on trace fossils of an animal, rather than on anatomical remains such as its bones and teeth.

An Illustration of Brontopodus plagnensis and an Estimation of Its Size

A drawing of Brontopodus plagnensis.
An illustration of Brontopodus plagnensis.

Picture credit: A. Bénéteau, photography Dinojura

To read Everything Dinosaur’s 2009 article about the original discovery of the trackways: On the Trail of Big Foot – Giant Sauropod Trackways Discovered in France.

The scientific paper: “The Dinosaur Tracksite of Plagne (Early Tithonian, Late Jurassic; Jura Mountains, France): The Longest Known Sauropod Trackway” by Jean-Michel Mazin, Pierre Hantzpergue and Nicolas Olivier published in the journal Geobios.

For dinosaur models and figures including sauropods: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models and Figures.

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