Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products

24 03, 2024

PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus Video Review

By Mike|2024-03-26T10:18:13+00:00March 24th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Products, Everything Dinosaur videos, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|0 Comments

Everything Dinosaur will be posting up shortly onto the company’s YouTube channel a brief video review of the PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus dinosaur model. In the video, we shall take a close look at this new Spinosaurus figure. In addition, we will be summarising some of the recent research on this remarkable theropod.

Everything Dinosaur intends to post up a short YouTube video highlighting the new PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus figure and discussing some of the recent scientific papers published on Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and its near relatives. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus Figure

The PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus figure is supplied with a replica of a Spinosaurus skull. Inside the packaging, customers will find a forty-eight-page, colour booklet and twenty Spinosaurus posters.

To view the range of PNSO prehistoric animal models and figures available from Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Models.

This spectacular Spinosaurus is also supplied with a clear, plastic support stand.

The new Aymen the Spinosaurus is supplied with a transparent support stand. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Scientific Papers and Published Research

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus has been the subject of increased scrutiny over the last decade or so. The debate regarding the lifestyle and the behaviour of this carnivorous dinosaur has been intense. Palaeontologists are divided as to whether Spinosaurus was an aquatic animal, mainly terrestrial or perhaps semiaquatic. It possesses several characteristics that suggest adaptations for life in the water. However, whether this animal could dive and remain submerged remains controversial. Indeed, papers have been published which conclude that Spinosaurus would have been unstable in water. Its unusual body shape and huge dorsal fin could impede this animal’s ability to stay upright when it was swimming.

The Everything Dinosaur Aymen the Spinosaurus YouTube video summarises some of the scientific papers. It is likely that the Spinosaurus lifestyle debate will continue indefinitely. The absence of articulated fossil specimens hampers research.

The Everything Dinosaur YouTube channel: Everything Dinosaur’s YouTube Channel.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented that the video will show the new Spinosaurus figure. The video would also provide a summary of the research over the last ten years.

The spokesperson added:

“Our plan is to provide a brief overview of the recent scientific papers. We intend to outline the findings of some of the studies that have been undertaken following the influential 2014 paper by Ibrahim et al published in the journal Science.”

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur Prehistoric Animal Models and Toys.

22 03, 2024

The New Aymen the Spinosaurus is Reviewed

By Mike|2024-03-22T10:27:26+00:00March 22nd, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Product Reviews|0 Comments

The new for 2024 PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus has certainly proved popular amongst dinosaur fans. Our thanks to William who sent into Everything Dinosaur his review of this new figure.

William began his review by reflecting on how our perception of this theropod has changed since it was first scientifically described back in 1915.

The reviewer commented:

“To think in 1915 when Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach first revealed to the world the
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, how much it has evolved in 109 years from the loss of the type specimen during World War II to the present day’s awe-inspiring enigma.”

PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus

William explained that in his opinion, the new PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus figure was the best and most accurate version of this dinosaur currently available. He praised the design team at PNSO for creating such a spectacular prehistoric animal model.

He added:

“PNSO’s Aymen the Spinosaurus is the definitive version available in model form to this date.”

*The stunning new for 2024 PNSO Aymen the Spinosaurus dinosaur model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of PNSO prehistoric animal figures in stock: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Figures from PNSO.

Praise for Everything Dinosaur

In addition to praising Aymen the Spinosaurus, William praised Everything Dinosaur. The reviewer thanked team members for providing a huge choice of prehistoric animal models. He also commented on the excellent prices and that purchasing from Everything Dinosaur was safe and secure. Fast delivery of parcels was also highlighted. William explained that he had emailed requesting an Aymen the Spinosaurus figure be set aside for him. The company was happy to assist and accommodate his wishes. This level of service helps to explain why Everything Dinosaur was recently awarded the Feefo Platinum Trusted Service award.

William concluded his review by stating:

“Without the presence of Everything Dinosaur in the world of paleo figures our collections would be less.”

Our thanks to William for sending in his PNSO Spinosaurus model review.

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur Models and Toys.

19 03, 2024

The New CollectA Polacanthus and the Sacral Shield

By Mike|2024-03-25T14:02:18+00:00March 19th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Everything Dinosaur videos, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

The CollectA Polacanthus model will be in stock at Everything Dinosaur soon. Only one species is currently assigned to this genus (P. foxii). In the past, several species were erected. However, a formal review of armoured dinosaur fossils associated with the Wealden Group (Raven et al 2020) clarified the placement of ankylosaurian fossil material. Much of the fossil material has now been assigned to other taxa or declared too indistinct to be confidently assigned at the genus level.

The 2024 CollectA Polacanthus Model

The new for 2024 CollectA Polacanthus figure reflects the recent review of the British Wealden Group ankylosaurs. It represents the very latest scientific interpretation of this iconic dinosaur which was named in 1865.

CollectA Deluxe Polacanthus.. — The Polacanthus figure shows countershading on the underside and the design team have moved away from the typical brown and rust red colouration associated with the Ankylosauria. This figure reflects some of the latest scientific thinking concerning this taxon. *Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe (scale models) in stock: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Deluxe Figures.

The Polacanthus Sacral Shield

This dinosaur is famous for its shield of armour located over the hips. This is referred to as the sacral shield or sometimes the pelvic shield. In the holotype the sacral shield measures 108 cm in length. It is approximately 90 cm wide. Most descriptions of the raised bosses and dermal armour associated with the sacral shield refer to four rows of osteoderms on each side of this pelvic shield. These features do not seem to be present in the holotype fossil material.

The sacral shield on the new CollectA Polacanthus does reflect quite accurately the holotype material. For example, the largest bosses associated with the sacral shield of Polacanthus foxii are located in the corners at the distal end of the shield. These large bosses have been reproduced in the new CollectA figure.

CollectA Deluxe Polacanthus model in dorsal view. — *A prototype figure photographed in dorsal view to show the detailed armour and the bosses on the sacral shield. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur explained:

“The sacral shield on the CollectA Polacanthus model does reflect the morphology of the holotype. The bosses and osteoderms present on the sacral shield of the model follow the layout as depicted in the 19th century lithographs. In addition, we think that CollectA were given access to additional images of the actual fossils. This helped the design team to recreate the model with a high degree of accuracy.”

The CollectA Polacanthus model in 1:20 scale is due to arrive at Everything Dinosaur later this year.

Visit the award-winning and customer friendly Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur Toys and Prehistoric Animal Models.

18 03, 2024

New Haolonggood Dinosaur Models in Stock

By Mike|2024-03-18T22:06:26+00:00March 18th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|0 Comments

Six new for 2024, Haolonggood dinosaur models are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. Four horned dinosaurs and a pair of lambeosaurines. Our warehouse received a shipment of Haolonggood figures. The pair of Tlatolophus galorum models have arrived along with the pair of Sinoceratops figures. In addition, the two Haolonggood Kosmoceratops (Cai Fu and Cai Qing) are also available.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture above shows the Tlatolophus pair (top) and the Sinoceratops (middle). The two Kosmoceratops models, the red and grey models are shown (bottom).

To view the range of Haolonggood dinosaur models in stock at Everything Dinosaur: Haolonggood Prehistoric Animal Models.

Haolonggood Dinosaur Models

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented that it was wonderful to have these six new dinosaur models in stock.

The spokesperson added:

“Many factories concentrate on producing replicas of theropod dinosaurs. Collectors like a bit of variety and it great to see ornithischian dinosaurs being highlighted by Haolonggood. These figures may all represent Cretaceous dinosaurs, but they are geographically dispersed. Sinoceratops is known from China, whilst Tlatolophus fossils were found in Mexico. Kosmoceratops fossil material comes from the western United States.”

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

17 03, 2024

New Royal Mail Mary Anning Stamps

By Mike|2024-03-21T15:41:21+00:00March 17th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Drawings, Dinosaur Fans, Educational Activities, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

Royal Mail intend to introduce a set of Mary Anning stamps. The set of four stamps feature a portrait of the pioneering palaeontologist and three fossil finds. The stamps have been launched at the same time as a set of prehistoric animal stamps.

The Royal Mail Mary Anning stamps can be purchased individually or as a special presentation set for collectors.

To view Everything Dinosaur’s recent article about the Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps: Royal Mail Introduces Prehistoric Animal Stamps.

Ichthyosaurus communis and Other Significant Fossils

One of the stamps illustrating fossil discoveries features Ichthyosaurus communis. This was the first species within the Ichthyosaurus genus to be erected (De la Beche and Conybeare, 1822).

An Ichthyosaurus model — *The Ichthyosaurus model (Wild Safari Prehistoric World) ready to take its turn on the Everything Dinosaur turntable. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The image (above) shows a typical replica of an ichthyosaur. This marine reptile was a sleek and agile predator with a body shape similar to that of extant dolphins. The dolphin/ichthyosaur body morphology is often cited as an example of convergent evolution.

The model is from the Wild Safari Prehistoric World range.

To view this range: Models of Prehistoric Animals.

From the Lower Jurassic

The stamps feature three prehistoric animals connected to Mary Anning. Ichthyosaurus communis (top) a complete fossilised juvenile, purchased from Mary Anning circa 1835. Dapedium politum a species of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) collected by Mary Anning circa 1829 (middle). Plesiosaurus macrocephalus (bottom), a near-complete, articulated juvenile collected by Mary Anning in 1830.

Stamps celebrating the discoveries of Mary Anning. — *The stamps feature three prehistoric animals connected to Mary Anning. Picture credit: Royal Mail.*

A Portrait of Mary Anning

The set of stamps also includes a portrait of Mary Anning. The date of the painting remains unknown, but it has been suggested that it was painted before 1842. It is housed at the Natural History Museum (London). Unfortunately, the name of the artist who created this portrait of Mary in her best clothes was not recorded.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“It is wonderful to see Royal Mail recognising the contribution to palaeontology and geology by Mary Anning. We hope these beautiful Mary Anning stamps and the presentation set will spark an interest in the Earth sciences.”

The Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur Toys and Models.

12 03, 2024

New Royal Mail Prehistoric Animal Stamps

By Mike|2024-03-21T10:02:24+00:00March 12th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Drawings, Dinosaur Fans, Educational Activities, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

A beautiful set of Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps is being introduced. The main set will feature prehistoric animals including Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops and Stegosaurus. A second set of stamps is also going on sale commemorating the life and works of Mary Anning.

Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps (2024). — The eight main stamps feature beautiful illustrations of prehistoric animals by the Exeter-based digital concept illustrator Joshua Dunlop. Six dinosaurs are featured along with a pterosaur (Coloborhynchus) and a plesiosaur (Cryptoclidus). Picture credit: Royal Mail.

Celebrating Two Hundred Years Since the Formal Description of Megalosaurus

2024 marks the two hundredth anniversary of the formal, scientific description of a prehistoric animal that was later to be classified as a dinosaur. The theropod dinosaur Megalosaurus was named and described in 1824 by the Reverend William Buckland who was president of the Geological Society of London. The binomial species name Megalosaurus bucklandii was erected in 1827. This was the first scientific account in the western world of a dinosaur. Megalosaurus features on a pair of stamps along with the roughly contemporaneous marine reptile Cryptoclidus.

Royal Mail Prehistoric Animal Stamps (Megalosaurus and Cryptoclidus). — *The fourth pair of stamps feature a Megalosaurus encountering a plesiosaur (Cryptoclidus) whilst wading through shallow water. Picture credit: Royal Mail.*

Megalosaurus was for a long time a taxonomic waste basket. Theropod fossils from different strata were assigned to this taxon. The only definitive Megalosaurus remains come from Oxfordshire (England).

The PNSO Megalosaurus model. — *A model of Megalosaurus bucklandii. The new for 2023 PNSO Megalosaurus dinosaur model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture (above) shows a model of Megalosaurus bucklandii from PNSO.

To view the PNSO range of prehistoric animal figures: PNSO Prehistoric Animal Models and Figures.

Royal Mail Prehistoric Animal Stamps

The eight prehistoric animal stamps were created by Joshua Dunlop, a digital concept artist based in Exeter (Devon). A second set of stamps features a portrait of the pioneering fossil collector Mary Anning. In addition, three stamps have been created that show photographs of fossils associated with Mary Anning and the Lower Jurassic rocks of Lyme Regis.

The list of dinosaurs featured:

Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops
Stegosaurus
Diplodocus
Iguanodon
Megalosaurus

Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps (Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops). — Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus feature on the new for 2024 Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps. Only the genus name for Tyrannosaurus is given on the stamps and in the accompanying Royal Mail press release. We suspect that this is an illustration of Tyrannosaurus rex. Picture credit: Royal Mail.

In Collaboration with the London Natural History Museum

The Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps were created in collaboration with the London Natural History Museum.

Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps (Stegosaurus and Diplodocus). — *Diplodocus and Stegosaurus feature on the Royal Mail £2 stamps. These animals are known from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the United States. Picture credit: Royal Mail.*

North American dinosaurs are featured (Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, Stegosaurus and Diplodocus). Prehistoric animals known from fossil discoveries from southern England are also included. Each pair of stamps show a similar image but from a different prehistoric animal’s perspective. For example, one pair of stamps depicts a herd of Iguanodon escaping a forest fire whilst a flock of startled pterosaurs (Coloborhynchus) fly overhead.

Royal Mail prehistoric animal stamps (Coloborhynchus and Iguanodon). — One of the largest toothed pterosaurs known to science is featured on a stamp (Coloborhynchus). It accompanies an Iguanodon stamp. Both these prehistoric animals are known from the Lower Cretaceous of England. Picture credit: Royal Mail.

Everything Dinosaur Comments

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“These are beautiful stamps. The eight prehistoric animal stamps show four different scenes, and they are designed to be viewed as pairs. For instance, the Tyrannosaurus stamp shows this theropod attacking a Triceratops. In contrast, the Triceratops stamp shows the horned dinosaur fending off a lunge from the Tyrannosaurus.”

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur Toys, Models and Dinosaur Clothing.

7 03, 2024

New Rebor Dire Wolf Models in Stock

By Mike|2024-03-08T20:58:56+00:00March 7th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|0 Comments

The two, new for 2024 Rebor dire wolf models are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. The Rebor dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) low roar plain deluxe pack has arrived along with the grey coloured “Havallagata” variant.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Rebor Dire Wolf Models

Each fabulous figure measures a little over eighteen centimetres in length. The shoulder height is around nine centimetres. The Rebor dire wolf figures are supplied with an Everything Dinosaur dire wolf fact sheet. The fact sheet highlights the taxonomy of these enigmatic Pleistocene carnivores. They are not closely related to the extant grey wolf (Canis lupus).

A scientific paper published in 2021 (Perri et al) demonstrated that the genome of the dire wolf was markedly different from the genome of extant canids. It is postulated that the dire wolf evolved in the Americas isolated from other canids. The lineage that led to the dire wolf diverged from the common ancestor of wolves and coyotes more than 5.5 million years ago.

Rebor Low Roar (dire wolf) model. — *The fabulous Rebor dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) low roar deluxe pack. It is supplied with three interchangeable heads. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

To view the range of Rebor models and figures in stock at Everything Dinosaur: Rebor Figures and Models.

Supplied with Three Interchangeable Heads

The Rebor Dire Wolf models are supplied with three interchangeable heads. The models can be displayed with mouth closed, showing their teeth or with the mouth fully open.

*The Rebor dire wolf box contents. Each 1:11 scale figure is supplied with three interchangeable heads. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur confirmed that the dire wolf fact sheet included a scale drawing of this prehistoric animal.

Rebor dire wolf (Havallagata). — *The Rebor dire wolf/fantasy figure with its product packaging. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

6 03, 2024

New PNSO Dinosaur Models in Stock

By Mike|2024-03-06T21:30:57+00:00March 6th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|2 Comments

Two new for 2024 PNSO dinosaur models have arrived at Everything Dinosaur’s warehouse. Aymen the Spinosaurus and Zabad the Edmontosaurus models are now in stock. Team members have been busy contacting all those customers who asked to be informed about the figures.

PNSO dinosaur models (Spinosaurus and Edmontosaurus) — The latest PNSO model shipment is unloaded at Everything Dinosaur’s warehouse. The delivery contained the new for 2024 Zabad the Edmontosaurus and Aymen the Spinosaurus. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

PNSO Dinosaur Models – Edmontosaurus and Spinosaurus

The PNSO Edmontosaurus sports a colourful crest and has been beautifully painted. Edmontosaurus species were generally larger than previously perceived. For example, fully-grown Edmontosaurus annectens were longer than an adult Tyrannosaurus rex. The PNSO Edmontosaurus figure is a somewhat more modest size. However, it does measure over thirty-two centimetres long.

The Aymen the Spinosaurus figure is even larger. It measures an impressive thirty-two and half centimetres and it stands fourteen centimetres high. It has a declared scale of 1:35.

To view the range of PNSO prehistoric animal models and figures in stock at Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Models and Figures.

PNSO dinosaur models (Aymen and Zabad). — Two new for 2024 PNSO dinosaur models, Zabad the Edmontosaurus (top) and Aymen the new Spinosaurus (bottom). Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Two Superb Cretaceous Dinosaur Figures

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur praised the two new PNSO dinosaur models and stated:

“These two dinosaur models are great! We know that model collectors have been keen to get their hands on these two superb Cretaceous dinosaur figures.”

Take a look at the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

4 03, 2024

The New Schleich Red Brachiosaurus and Stegosaurus Figures

By Mike|2024-03-04T17:47:49+00:00March 4th, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|0 Comments

The new for 2024 Schleich red Brachiosaurus model has arrived at Everything Dinosaur. It arrived along with the new Schleich Stegosaurus figure. Both dinosaur models are now on-line and available to purchase.

The Schleich red Brachiosaurus and Stegosaurus model. — The Schleich red Brachiosaurus and Stegosaurus dinosaur model have arrived and are now in stock. Team members were busy unloading the figures and allocating space for them in the company’s warehouse. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The New for 2024 Schleich Red Brachiosaurus Figures

The red Brachiosaurus model is a new version of an earlier Schleich Brachiosaurus. The red tones are most impressive. This new sauropod figure measures twenty-seven centimetres in length (approximately). The carefully sculpted head is around nineteen centimetres off the ground. The Schleich red Brachiosaurus model is supplied with an Everything Dinosaur Brachiosaurus fact sheet.

New Schleich dinosaur models (2024). — *Five new Schleich dinosaur models and one repainted Brachiosaurus figure. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of Schleich prehistoric animal models available from Everything Dinosaur: Schleich Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Figures.

The New for 2024 Schleich Stegosaurus

The Schleich Stegosaurus is a new sculpt. The Stegosaurus is approximately twenty centimetres long. Those impressive, red plates over the hips of this dinosaur are around ten centimetres off the ground.

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

2 03, 2024

What Other Types of Fish Lived Alongside Placoderms?

By Mike|2024-03-02T19:30:08+00:00March 2nd, 2024|Adobe CS5, Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products|0 Comments

At Everything Dinosaur, we receive lots of emails from fans of prehistoric animals. Many of these emails contain questions. For example, we received an enquiry earlier this week asking what other types of prehistoric fish lived alongside placoderms? That is an excellent question! We are no experts on the evolutionary development of fishes, but since the questioner wanted to know about brackish and freshwater environments in the Devonian, we thought we would try to help.

Defining Placoderms

The Devonian covers approximately sixty million years. It is often referred to as the “Age of Fishes”, due to the radiation of several fish types including the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes), the placoderms and sharks (cartilaginous fish otherwise referred to as chondrichthyians).

(Class Placodermi) represents an extremely diverse and varied group of jawed fishes that evolved during the Silurian, thrived in the Devonian but seem to have died out during the end-Devonian mass extinction. They were the first fish to evolve a pair of pelvic fins. Several Orders have been described all united by the defining characteristic of the Placodermi, their heads and thorax being covered by a series of articulated, armoured plates.

Perhaps the best-known placoderm is Dunkleosteus (D. terrelli). It was a member of the Arthodira and is thought to represent the earliest vertebrate “superpredator”.

Dunkleosteus - examining the placoderms. — *Swimming into view a placoderm model – Dunkleosteus. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.*

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture (above) shows the Schleich Dunkleosteus figure.

To view the Schleich range of prehistoric animal models: Schleich Prehistoric Animal Models.

Non-marine Vertebrate Fauna of the Emsian Faunal Stage

The query requested information regarding non-marine fish from the Early Devonian. We decided to examine the fossil record of freshwater and estuarine fish from the Emsian faunal stage of the Early Devonian. This would cover the period of Earth’s history from 407.5 million years ago to around 393 million years ago.

Although it is thought that vertebrates evolved in marine environments, by the Early Devonian many different types of fish had adapted to brackish or freshwater. Placoderms are known from non-marine palaeoenvironments of the Early Devonian. In addition, heterostracans are also associated with non-marine palaeoenvironments.

Heterostracans (Heterostraci) are an extinct subclass of the Agnatha (jawless fishes). There is some fossil evidence to indicate that jawless fish of the Pteraspidiformes Order, most notably pteraspids and drepanaspids lived in brackish and freshwater environments. These types of fish may have been preyed upon by the jawed placoderms. A scientific paper exploring potential predator/prey relationships was published in 2019 (Randle and Sansom).

Research suggests predation by Sarcopterygians could have led to the extinction of the jawless fishes. — *Research suggests that predation by jawed vertebrates could have eradicated some types of jawless fish.*

Picture credit: Julio Lacerda/The University of Manchester

During the Silurian and Early Devonian, possible predators of pteraspids and drepanaspids could have been jawed vertebrates as well as eurypterids.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s blog post about this research: Battle of the Early Vertebrates.

Answering Queries from Customers

We replied to the customer and emailed them some information in response to their query. We also included links to two blog posts that examined the Placodermi and potential Early Devonian food webs in more detail.

The customer emailed later to thank us for the information.

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Visit Everything Dinosaur.