The Dragon Thief of Wales – Dracoraptor hanigani

The beautifully preserved meat-eating dinosaur fossil found at Lavernock Point (south Wales) has been formally named and described.  Say hello to Dracoraptor hanigani, a two-metre-long predator whose fossilised remains were found by brothers Rob and Nick Hanigan.  Reporting in the open-access on-line journal “PLOS One”, the fossilised material very probably represents the oldest known Jurassic dinosaur found to date in the British Isles.

Dracoraptor hanigani – An Agile Little Hunter

On display the fossils with a skeleton reconstruction.

Picture credit: National Museum of Wales

To read more about this exciting fossil find: Welsh Dinosaurs – New Early Jurassic Theropod from South Wales.

“Dragon Thief”

The genus name means “dragon thief”, in honour of one of the national symbols of Wales, the species name honours the two fossil-hunting brothers who found it.  This little hunter may only be distantly related to the “raptors”, but it does represent a significant fossil find, as dinosaurs are particularly rare in Lower Jurassic rocks.  Dracoraptor, lived on an island archipelago, some 201.3 million years ago, plus or minus 200,000 years, the preserved bones and teeth (some 40% of the skeleton), have been so precisely dated in geological terms thanks to biostratigraphic dating of the strata.

The rock layers can be divided up into distinct zones (biozones) based on the characteristic fossils that layer contains.  The dinosaur’s remains were found between two well-documented zonal layers.  It was found above a conodont* zone (Chirodella verecunda), associated with the very end of the Triassic and below an ammonite zone Psiloceras planorbis, which is associated with the first faunal stage (Hettangian) of the Jurassic.

*Conodonts are an extinct group of tiny, jawless, marine animals that had mouths filled with several pairs of tooth-bars.  They are believed to be related to early, jawless fish and probably superficially resembled eels.  Their distinctive teeth, often found in abundance, provide very useful “markers” in rocks, helping palaeontologists to date the relative ages of different rock layers.  Conodonts became extinct at the end of the Triassic.

Helping to Understand the Early Diversity of the Dinosauria

The fossil, collected from a cliff fall at Lavernock Point, has had a charmed life.  Firstly, the fossil was found in marine sediments, apparently, the carcase of this little dinosaur was washed out to sea and settled on the sea floor.  Sea urchins crawled over it and most likely fed on the rotting flesh, some of these sea urchins have been preserved in the surrounding rock matrix.

Currents did not disturb the bones.  This explains why the specimen is so complete.  In addition, if Rob and Nick Hanigan had not chanced upon the specimen, the fossils would have been washed out to sea and lost forever in just a few days.

Dracoraptor hanigani

Furthermore, Everything Dinosaur reported on the serendipitous discovery of more of the specimen, by third year palaeontology student Sam Davies, who coincidently is tutored by one of the authors of the PLOS One paper, Dr David Martill (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth).

To read more about Sam’s lucky find: Lucky Find Puts Welsh Dinosaur on a Firm Footing.

Views of One of the Teeth Associated with the Specimen (Presumed to be from the Upper Jaw)

This dinosaur probably ate insects and other small animals.

Picture credit: PLOS One

Explaining the significance of this fossil discovery, co-author of the paper Steven Vidovic (PhD Researcher at Portsmouth University), commented:

“It’s right at that point in the diversification of dinosaurs where so-called theropod dinosaurs,  the meat-eating ones, became what are called neotheropods.  It’s from this moment onwards that they go on to become all the forms we know, like T. rex, Velociraptor and even birds.”

Very Rare Fossil Find

Early Jurassic dinosaur fossils are extremely rare and this particular specimen, which may represent an immature adult, is very important as it provides data on the evolution of meat-eating dinosaurs so soon after the Triassic/Jurassic extinction event.  Dracoraptor hanigani is the first dinosaur to be described from the Jurassic of Wales.  It probably lived on a small island (part of St David’s Archipelago), or perhaps its corpse had been washed out sea from the nearby, larger land mass known as the Welsh Massif.  It is one of very few early theropod remains found in Europe.

The Palaeogeography of the Early Jurassic (Europe – Hettangian)

Europe consisted of a series of islands 200 million years ago.

Picture credit: PLOS One

The picture above show the palaeogeography of western Europe, approximately 200 million years ago.  Modern western Europe has been superimposed to provide a reference.  The numbers in the small, yellow circles record the location of other early theropod or neotheropod discoveries:

1. Isle of Skye
2. Barrow upon Soar (Leicestershire)
3. Wilmcote (Warwickshire)
4. Lavernock Point – the location of the Dracoraptor find
5. Dorset
6. Airel (France)
7. Brouch (Luxembourg)

Everything Dinosaur stocks a variety of theropod models and figures: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Figures.

A cladistic analysis suggests that Dracoraptor was a basal neotheropod.  It may have been related to Tawa hallae and Daemonosaurus chauliodus ( both from the Ghost Ranch location, New Mexico, United States).  Everything Dinosaur has written about the discovery of both Tawa and Daemonosauru. For further information on these fast-running little predators, see the links below.

To read more about Tawa: New Theropoda Dinosaur Discovery Sheds Light on Dinosaur Diversification.

To read more about Daemonosaurus: Little Demon from the Dawn of the Dinosaurs.

Canada’s First Dimetrodon

A fossil found by a farmer digging a well on Prince Edward Island over 160 years ago has been finally identified by a student whilst studying for a PhD at the University of Toronto Mississauga.  The fossil, which consists of elements of the snout and upper jaw was once thought to have come from a meat-eating dinosaur, but a new analysis reveals that fearsome Dimetrodons once roamed Canada.  This is the first evidence that these giant, sail-backed reptiles from the Permian lived on the landmass that was to eventually form Canada.

Canada’s First Dimetrodon

Evidence of Dimetrodon in Canada

The curved teeth in the upper jaw can be clearly made out.

Picture credit: (Carleton University/University of Toronto Mississauga)

Location Remains a Mystery

The location of the fossil find remains a mystery, there may be more elements of this individual preserved, but the farmer did not provide a map of the location and what notes that have been attributed to this specimen make no mention of the actual spot where the discovery was made.  All we know is that the well was being dug near the French River (Prince Edward Island).

The specimen was acquired by the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia, USA) and Joseph Leidy, one of the world’s most eminent palaeontologists, studied it and named it Bathygnathus borealis.  Leidy thought that the fossilised bones and teeth (fragments of the premaxilla, a partial maxilla and elements of the naris along with several teeth), resembled those of Theropod dinosaurs that had been found in England.  Professor Leidy had incorrectly identified this fossil material as a dinosaur, making it the first dinosaur known from Canada.

A Probably Mammal-like Reptile

A review of the fossil in 1905, identified it as a probable mammal-like reptile, however, it was a paper published in the academic journal “The Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences”, late last year that finally cleared up the mystery identifying the animal as a member of the Dimetrodon genera.

Lead author of the paper, Kirstin Brink who worked on the fossil whilst at the University of Toronto Mississauga, and a specialist in examining the teeth of prehistoric animals, explained:

“It’s really exciting to discover that the detailed anatomy of the teeth has finally allowed us to identify precisely this important Canadian fossil.”

An Illustration of the Canadian Dimetrodon

An illustration of Dimetrodon borealis, the insert shows the location of the fossil on the animal.

Picture credit: Danielle Dufault

Dimetrodon – A New Species

Dimetrodon is perhaps one of the most famous of all the animals known from the Palaeozoic Era.  Several species of these sail-backed reptiles are known and their fossils have been found in the United States, Europe and now Canada.  The largest species, animals like D. grandis were the apex predators of terrestrial environments during the Late Permian, with some animals growing to around 3.5 metres in length.  Although not a dinosaur, Dimetrodon seems to have become forever linked with the Dinosauria.  For example, Dimetrodon models are often included in dinosaur model sets.

A Dimetrodon Model

A large Dimetrodon model, although not a dinosaur this type of animal is frequently featured in Everything Dinosaur’s social media posts.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Kirstin has specialised in studying the preserved teeth of prehistoric animals.  Using parsimonious relationship analysis (family trees) and high resolution imaging, the researchers were able to link the teeth to the Dimetrodon genus.  The teeth are “ziphodont”, that is, they are serrated along the cutting edge.  Dimetrodon is thought to be the first terrestrial vertebrate to possess such teeth.

Professor Robert Reisz (University of Toronto Mississauga), one of the author’s of the research paper published last year stated:

“These are blade-like teeth with tiny serrations along the front and back of the teeth, similar to a steak knife.  The roots of these teeth are very long, around double the length of the crowns.  This type of tooth is very effective for biting and ripping flesh from prey.”

What’s in a Name?

Long tooth roots and these ziphodont serrations are diagnostic of Dimetrodon, ironically, the renaming of this animal from Bathygnathus borealis to Dimetrodon borealis might spell trouble for all fans of this sail-backed reptile.  As Bathygnathus was named before the Dimetrodon genus was erected, then technically, under the strict guidelines of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) the name given first should take precedence.

In essence, all fossil material related to the Dimetrodon genus should be renamed as Bathygnathus (the name means “deep jaw from the north”).

Dr Brink, now based at the University of British Columbia expressed her concern:

“What we’re hoping will happen is the priority will be reversed so we can keep Dimetrodon as a valid name, just because it’s so well known among the public and other scientists as well.”

Although the fossil material has not turned out to be a dinosaur, the naming of a new species of Dimetrodon, one that lived further north than any other species of Dimetrodon so far described, still makes this specimen a very remarkable fossil indeed.

CollectA produced a 1:20 scale model of Dimetrodon and also recently introduced a 1:20 scale model of another pelycosaur Edaphosaurus: CollectA Deluxe/Supreme Prehistoric Animal Figures.